4.4 Atomic Structure

Unit Summary

Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the structure of atoms, nuclear forces, and stability. Early researchers suffered from their exposure to ionising radiation. Rules for radiological protection were first introduced in the 1930s and subsequently improved. Today, radioactive materials are widely used in medicine, industry, agriculture, and electrical power generation.

This unit on Atomic Structure explores these fundamental concepts, helping students develop a deep understanding of the composition of atoms, nuclear processes, and the principles of radioactivity. It is mapped against the AQA GCSE Physics specification ensuring that it meets the requirements of the curriculum. The unit carefully balances substantive knowledge—such as atomic models, isotopes, nuclear decay, and radiation—with disciplinary knowledge, equipping students with the skills to work scientifically, analyse data, and evaluate the uses and risks of radiation in real-world applications.

Designed to be flexible, the unit builds on students' prior learning, such as their introduction to atomic structure in Key Stage 3, and extends their understanding in a structured and progressive way. By following a logical sequence, students can appreciate how scientific knowledge has evolved, from early atomic theories to modern nuclear physics, and how discoveries in this field have shaped technological advancements.

At Developing Experts, our goal is to support schools in delivering the National Curriculum while broadening students' horizons. Our approach not only covers the required content but also challenges students to think critically about the role of atomic science in various industries. Through real-world applications, we highlight how knowledge gained in the classroom is used in cutting-edge fields, inspiring students to consider careers in science and engineering. 

To further enhance career awareness, we have collaborated with United Kingdom National Nuclear Laboratory (UKNNL) to develop this unit, ensuring that students gain insight into how atomic science is applied in the workforce.

We are proud to have the United Kingdom National Nuclear Laboratory (UKNNL) as the sponsor of this unit. As a centre of excellence in nuclear science and technology, NNL plays a crucial role in supporting the UK’s nuclear sector, driving innovation, safety, and sustainability in energy and advanced nuclear applications. With decades of expertise, NNL is at the forefront of research and development, shaping the future of nuclear science for a safer and more sustainable world.

Throughout this unit, students will hear directly from experts at NNL, gaining insight into real-world applications of science in careers such as Research Technologists, Technical Managers, and many others. These industry professionals will share their knowledge and experiences, inspiring the next generation of scientists and engineers to explore the vast opportunities within the nuclear sector.