English National Curriculum - Science
Mission Objectives
Describe the process of covalent bonding
Draw dot and cross diagrams to represent covalent bonding
Explain why covalent molecules form and relate the strength of bonds to chemical stability
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Words and meanings to learn
atoms
the smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have the properties of that element
non-metals
elements found on the right side of the periodic table; they typically gain or share electrons when bonding and are poor conductors of electricity and heat
electrons
negatively charged subatomic particles found in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus of an atom
dot and cross diagram
a way of showing covalent bonding using dots and crosses to represent the outer-shell electrons of different atoms; it helps visualise which atoms are sharing or transferring electrons
covalent bonding
a type of chemical bonding that occurs between non-metal atoms; it involves the sharing of pairs of electrons to achieve a full outer shell and form a molecule
Samantha is an accomplished science educator whose current work centres on curriculum design and professional development, supporting teachers to deliver high-quality science education through evidence-informed approaches. She is a former Head of Chemistry and Sixth Form Tutor with extensive Key Stage 4 and 5 experience, and has worked as an AQA examiner, giving her valuable insight into assessment standards and what students need to succeed.
Underpinning this is a strong foundation in applied science built across a range of industry roles. Samantha has held scientific roles at John Smith's Brewery, Yorkshire Water and WasteCare, where she led technical projects, drove operational efficiencies and ensured compliance with industry standards. Across these roles she has first-hand experience of how scientific knowledge translates into measurable outcomes in professional and commercial environments.
In her spare time, Samantha enjoys playing the accordion with her local orchestra and has recently taken up cricket.
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